فصلنامه خانواده و پژوهش
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

The family is the only inborn, natural, irreplaceable and eternal human institution. The primary reason for the emersion for all social institutions and organizations was the establishment and consolidation of families. The family is the most sacred institution of universe because the merciful Creator has based the philosophy of creation for all the wonders of existence, on parity. This is why our beloved Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), after the construction of the first mosque in the city of Medina, said in the mosque among Muslims: "In my opinion, family is the most popular institution of the universe." And this wise saying of the Prophet of Mercy means that the family is the center of the beloved ones, and it is necessary and deserving that we always see the presence of the beloved and peaceful ones in the family. If we believe in the fact that the goal of marriage is to achieve peace and experience true happiness, then in any case, the main mission of the husband and wife is to think about and protect the gift of peace as well as the skill of creating peace in the sacred sanctuary of the family. Certainly, the fulfillment of such a great and serious mission will be possible with a loving and merciful behavior, that is, via forgiveness and self-sacrifice, honesty and courage and justice, patience and kindness and always uttering kind and gentle words, approval and respect, encouragement, and fulfillment of mutual emotional rights of spouses and children. Husbands and wives always have the right and need to be loved and love, children have the right to love their parents from the bottom of their hearts, and their beloved parents have the right to be loved, and children have the right to believe in their hearts that their mother is the most beloved person for their father, and their father is always the most beloved one for their mother. This is why the relentless efforts to the fulfillment of spouses and children’s emotional rights in the sacred sanctuary of the family is the main asset of lasting peace, a sense of psychological security, and the flourishing and progressive life.

This study set out to examine the impact of assertiveness training on the level of academic motivation and Internet addiction of high school students in Tehran. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all Tehrani 11th graders in school year 2017-18.  The drawn sample (N=80) was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and was assigned to two experimental (N=40) and two control groups (N=40). The instruments included the Academic Motivation Questionnaire (Abdekhoda’ee et al., 2008) and the Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998). The experimental groups were given eight two-hour sessions of assertiveness training, while the control group received no intervention. At the end of the training, academic motivation and Internet addiction were measured during posttest phase and the data were analyzed via ANCOVA. The results indicated that the assertiveness training significantly reduced Internet addiction in students and it improved their academic motivation. Consequently, assertiveness training could be utilized as an effective method at schools.

During the last decades many governments have used formal education as a fundamental instrument for educating children and teenagers in order to promote their personal and inter-personal skills and alleviate family-related problems. Nevertheless, due attention has not been paid to this vital issue in the Iranian education system and even Fundamental Reform Document of Education has emphasized adding a course on this subject to the national curriculum. It's important for policy makers to acknowledge the voices of students when addressing the issues that directly impact their lives. Hence, the present research has been designed according to interpretive paradigm and thematic content analysis methodology in order to explain the concept of an ideal family based on students’ points of view and to foster reflection on student voice. The participants were comprised of male and female 10th and 11th graders from six provinces (Guilan, South Khorasan, Hormozgan, Tehran, Khuzestan, and Razavi Khorasan) who were selected via purposive and maximum variation sampling. The results showed that, based on the participants’ opinion, an ideal family is comprised of a good man and a good woman who are also good parents and try together to find peace and love. The students believe that respect, mutual understanding, strong relationship, patience and companionship, piety, consciousness, secrecy, respect for children’s independence, sociability, avoiding humiliation, spending time with family, and doing things together are the most important characteristics of an ideal family.

The present article seeks to investigate how pathological use of social networking sites (SNS) in mothers is related to their marital satisfaction,  mother-child relationship, and children’s behavioral problems. This study had a mixed methods research design with quantitative and qualitative components. In the quantitative part with correlational design, 323 mothers who had preschool children were chosen through convenience sampling method and were administered the research instruments including a demographic questionnaire, the researcher-made Pathological Use of Social Networking Sites Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), Relationship Assessment Scale (Hendrick, 1988), and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992). In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient, simple linear regression, and structural equation modeling were utilized. The method in the qualitative part was phenomenological and the instrument was semi-structured interview. The sample in this part was comprised of 17 mothers who were addicted to using social networks. These individuals were chosen via purposive and extreme case sampling. During data analysis, open, axial and selective coding was used. The results of the quantitative part demonstrated that marital satisfaction and mother-child relationship played a mediating role in the link between pathological use of social networking sites in mothers and their children’s behavioral problems. The results of the qualitative part were in line with the findings of the quantitative section and showed that the relationship between spouses and children suffers as a result of social networking sites addiction and this leads to behavioral problems in children.

This study sought to determine the effectiveness of administering Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) (Based on Landreth Model) to mothers in reducing the behavioral problems of their school children. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group follow-up design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all mothers of primary school students in Dardasht neighborhood in District 8 of Tehran in school year 2016-17. The drawn sample (N=60) was selected by simple random sampling method and was assigned to an experimental (N=30) and a control group (N=30). The instrument included Rutter’s Child Behavior Questionnaire. The experimental group went through a ten-session course on CPRT based on Landreth model and the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the training, behavioral problems were measured during posttest and follow-up phases and the data were analyzed via repeated measures ANOVA. According to the results, CPRT was found to be effective in reducing child behavior problems. In fact, CPRT can enhance the sense of self-efficacy and confidence. This, in turn, can boost child-mother relationship and pave the way for reducing children’s behavioral problems.

This study was undertaken to examine the role of parental involvement dimensions in the academic motivation of primary school 6th graders in Babol. This research had a descriptive, correlational design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of 6th graders, along with their parents in school year 2017-18. The sample was drawn via one-stage cluster sampling method and based on Miles and Shevlin graphs and it included 273 students and their parents. For the purpose of data collection, Family Involvement Questionnaire (Grover, 2015) and the Elementary School Motivation Scale (Guay et al., 2005) were utilized. The results demonstrated that the two dimensions of home-based involvement and school-based involvement were positively associated with intrinsic motivation in reading, writing, and mathematics; however, the  home-school dimension had no meaningful relationship with internal motivation. Home-based involvement was negatively correlated with external regulation in writing. All three dimensions of parental involvement had a positive relationship with identified regulation in reading and writing; nevertheless, this association was not observed in math. The results of the model revealed that parental involvement has a positive effect on intrinsic motivation as well as identified regulation. Results of regression analysis indicated that none of the parental involvement dimensions could predict external regulation; nonetheless, home-based involvement emerged as the predictor of intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. Given the positive impact of parental involvement on students’ academic motivation, it can be concluded that enhancing parental involvement can help improve students’ learning.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of creative thinking training on the creativity of 12-year-old girl members of Imam Ali Public Library in Qom. This experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 12-year-old girl members of Imam Ali Public Library in Qom from among whom 60 children were randomly selected and assigned to an experimental (N=30) and a control group (N=30). The experimental group was treated with twelve  60-minute creative thinking sessions; however, the control group received no intervention. The instrument included Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Visual Test, Form A). For the purpose of data analysis, independent t-test was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the creativity scores of children who received the training in creative thinking skills and those who did not receive the intervention. In fact, the training fostered children’s creativity. Regarding the components of creative thinking, i.e., fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration, it should be stated that the training enhanced these components as well.

This research was carried out to predict marital satisfaction based on parental marital satisfaction and healthy family-of-origin. In this study, martial satisfaction is considered as the most important component of marriage. This research had a descriptive, correlational design. The statistical population of the study included all young couples aged 30-40 in Kermanshah whose marriage had lasted for at least 2 years. Convenience sampling method was utilized and 70 couples (140 individuals) were selected. In addition, one of the parents of the selected couples was also included in the statistical sample. The instruments included ENRICH Questionnaire (Olson et al., 1982) and Family-of-Origin Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis (enter method). Results indicated that there was a significant, positive relationship between marital satisfaction and parental marital satisfaction. Furthermore, a significant, positive association was observed between marital satisfaction and healthy family-of-origin. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that parental marital satisfaction and healthy family-of-origin accounted for 13 percent of variance in marital satisfaction.